Đỗ Hồng Ngọc, M.D.
Translated by Nguyên Giác Phan Tấn Hải
A pocketbook for the elderly
A PATH TO PEACE & JOY
Peace and joy are not merely fleeting happiness or temporary pleasure; rather, they resemble a cool stream that nourishes from within. They represent a profound state of contentment, characterized by a sense of well-being and serenity that emanates from each individual. This gentle and enduring state brings tranquility to both the mind and body, radiating outward to others. Peace and joy arise from wisdom, fostering freedom, ease, and balance in both physical and mental dimensions.
Learning Buddhism is the most effective way to cultivate peace and joy. Is there a secret to learning Buddhism easily? If you delve into the repositories of Buddhist scriptures, you will find that it is impossible to learn everything in multiple lifetimes. Furthermore, you may become consumed by inner turmoil, akin to a ghostly fire. This challenge is exacerbated in the age of the Internet, where AI, fake news, and deepfakes abound.
So, is there a secret to learning Buddhism easily?
Yes, there is a secret.
This secret comprises Three things and Four stories.
Three Things and Four Stories
The first story: The Buddha
Buddha was neither a god nor a religious leader with supreme authority capable of bestowing blessings upon humanity. He was an ordinary person, much like us, who experienced suffering, illness, old age, and death, just as all living beings do. Through his discovery of the path to liberation from suffering, he shared his insights with boundless compassion, as everyone possesses Buddha nature and has the potential to become a Buddha in the future. Buddha did not hold the exclusive right to be a Buddha alone; rather, he served as a Dharma teacher, an educator, and a revered physician.
The path taught by the Dharma Master can be summarized in just a few words:
Don't do anything evil!
Do what is good.
You must purify your mind and thoughts yourself.
That is the teaching of the Buddhas.
Which religion does not encourage doing good and avoiding evil? What is commendable about it?
The intriguing aspect lies in the third sentence: You must purify your mind and thoughts on your own. When your mind and consciousness are pure, there is nothing more you need to accomplish.
The challenge lies in accomplishing it on your own. By yourself. This means you cannot seek assistance from anyone else. Only you can facilitate your own healing. Just as you must breathe independently—no one can breathe for you—you must also chew, swallow, eat, and drink by yourself. No one can perform these essential actions on your behalf.
Your mind is often restless and agitated. The mind resembles a monkey that enjoys constant movement, while consciousness is akin to a horse that yearns to run freely. It can be quite challenging to maintain a still and quiet mind. Achieving a state of peace and calm within the mind is no simple endeavor.
In summary, the essential step is to cleanse your mind.
How is it possible?
Yes, it is possible.
The second story: Yourself.
You must rely on yourself. Depend on yourself, as you cannot rely on anyone else. Just as no one can breathe for you, no one can eat for you. The Sixth Patriarch, Hui Neng, advised us to take refuge in ourselves. Everyone possesses three bodies: the Dharma body, the Reward body, and the Transformation body, similar to the Buddha. The Buddha taught that everyone has Buddha nature and that anyone can attain Buddhahood without distinction. When scientists mapped the human genome, they were astonished to discover that humans share 70% of their genes with trees, 26% with mustard greens, 97.5% with mice, and 99% with chimpanzees. In fact, humans share more than 99.99% of their genes with one another.
There is no need to differentiate between yellow, red, black, and white skin. Buddha is referred to as the one who is fully enlightened because he perceives this truth; so why should we make distinctions? Is it true that the ancient Buddha Vairocana embodies that gene? In the Avatamsaka Sutra, it is stated that all Buddhas possess the body of Vairocana from the Tathagatagarbha. The composition of the genetic system remains unknown, but all living beings share the same DNA, from the tiniest virus to humans, whales, and prehistoric dinosaurs. Who combined all these elements to create the diversity of life we see today? Buddha did not provide an answer to that question. Is it due to karma? The nature of that karma remains a mystery.
Everyone possesses three bodies, similar to Buddha, which means that each individual can practice mindfulness and purify their own mind to attain happiness and peace. A person who comprehends the concept of the three bodies will no longer differentiate between the rich and the poor, or the noble and the humble. They will treat everyone with respect, recognizing that we are all fundamentally alike. There is no need for discrimination, arrogance, or pride, as these attitudes only lead to suffering for oneself and others.
The Third Story: Breathing.
Try holding your breath… for a moment! You can’t do it. If you stop breathing for four minutes, you will die. Meanwhile, if you don’t eat or drink for ten days, you will also die. Breathing is essential to life. Interestingly, plants also breathe, but they require carbon dioxide (CO2) while we need oxygen (O2). We are interdependent; we cannot survive without each other. Now, try taking a deep breath… No! You must exhale at some point. Exhale for a long time… No! You must inhale eventually. Breathing is an automatic process; it does not adhere to our will. Inhaling and exhaling occur due to pressure changes in the lungs. It operates independently of us. It is not ours; it is not our self. We can recognize our “selflessness” simply by observing our breath.
Thousands of years ago, did ancient people breathe? Did Buddha breathe? Thousands of years from now, will future humans still breathe?
When you listen to your breath,
you realize that it has existed for thousands of years.
One day, it accidentally became your breath
after getting caught in a speck of dust.
While this breath is yours, it is not entirely yours;
it will continue to belong to thousands of years in the future.
(ĐHN)
It turns out that the air in this universe is a vast, pervasive void that enables our survival. The brain accounts for only 2% of our body weight but consumes nearly 30% of the oxygen we breathe. Why is this the case? Because that oxygen is essential for brain activity, which primarily involves processes such as calculation, competition, jealousy, fear, anger, and conflict with one another. Is there a way to reduce this consumption? Yes, by simply “purifying your own mind.”
Don’t forget that when our enemy exhales, we inhale. Conversely, when we exhale, our enemy inhales; this illustrates just how close the two sides are!
Breathing also allows us to recognize suffering. While we were in our mother's womb, we did not breathe and had no worries. Upon our birth, we cried and experienced suffering, which would follow us throughout our lives. When we can no longer breathe, we cease to suffer. Do we only borrow breath in our lives for the purpose of suffering, hatred, conflict, and competition? Is there no time for our minds to find peace and happiness? Meditation offers a way to utilize our breath to alleviate anxiety, fear, and suffering. Through mindful breathing, we can perceive impermanence, suffering, non-self, and dependent origination. Is it not through meditation that we discover purity and witness the unchanging, the blissful, the essence of self, and true purity?
The Fourth Story: Eating
Why do we need to eat? What do we eat? How much do we eat? How do we eat? The Buddha carried his alms bowl and spent some hours each day begging for food, happily accepting whatever was offered to him without asking for specific items or refusing any contributions. He would return and roll the food into a ball to eat mindfully, a practice referred to as “eating solid food.” This food typically includes a balance of starches (carbohydrates), beans, meat, fish (proteins), sesame, butter (fats), and, of course, vegetables and fruits (which provide minerals and vitamins). Food can sometimes lack certain elements or have an excess of others. However, this is not a significant issue. This component in food can be easily converted into another component. For example, flour and sugar also contain proteins, fats, and other nutrients. These foods encompass all the elements of “earth, water, wind, and fire,” representing the four elements and the five aggregates. Ultimately, consuming the five aggregates serves to nourish the body composed of the same five aggregates. When we engage in the daily practice of begging for food, we come to understand that all phenomena are interdependent, impermanent, and devoid of a permanent self.
Eating and drinking serve not only to nourish the body but also to enrich the mind. Buddha identified four categories of food: solid food, sensory food, volitional food, and consciousness food. Each day, we are inundated with a vast amount of information from our surroundings. That sensory food can evoke a range of emotions, from happiness to sadness to dizziness. Consider disconnecting from electricity, silencing your phone, and turning off the internet for a day!
Contact leads to feelings, which then give rise to love, attachment, and existence. From feelings, perception emerges. When feeling disappears, and when perception ceases, there will be no more arising of dharmas. Perception leads to volitional food and consciousness food. When sentient beings have formed, it leads to wrong knowledge and views, and then prejudices, concepts, and definitions will besiege us. Then sensory food easily leads to stress, volitional food leads to anxiety and fear, and consciousness food leads to depression.
What about the three things?
First, it is essential to understand the terminology.
A lack of comprehension regarding Buddhist terminology can result in confusion, misunderstanding, and may easily lead to superstition. When it comes to teaching the Dharma, it is often best to avoid using words, as language can be fraught with misunderstandings. It is important to remember that the Buddha did not adhere to a rigid teaching method; rather, he tailored his lessons to suit each individual's unique circumstances. For instance, when he encountered a blacksmith, he spoke about forging iron; when he met a washerman, he discussed the art of washing; and when he came across a zither player, he talked about the tension of strings. Furthermore, the Pali language was developed approximately 300 years after the Buddha attained Nirvana. Meanwhile, Sino-Vietnamese characters and phonetic transcriptions can be particularly perplexing. The Buddha consistently advised against placing blind trust in anyone, including himself. He emphasized the importance of personal experience, encouraging individuals to explore and discover the truth for themselves.
The same is true of the word “chúng sanh.” The word “chúng” means many, and “sanh” means to arise. Anything composed of multiple elements is referred to as a living being. The Diamond Sutra states that beings are not truly living beings; they are merely temporarily designated as such. There was a Bodhisattva who vowed that as long as even one living being remained, he would not attain Buddhahood. In other words, he must eliminate all living beings before he could become a Buddha. Would he resort to creating atomic bombs, hydrogen bombs, and other devastating weapons to annihilate all living beings in this samsaric world?
No, he made that vow because he understood that sentient beings resided within his mind, not outside of it. Sensory food, volitional food, and consciousness food are all “sentient beings” formed by countless elements. Hui Neng taught, “Cut off all worldly conditions. Do not give rise to a single thought!”
Second, we must understand metaphors and hidden meanings.
The Lotus Sutra discusses the illusory city, the prodigal son, the pearl hidden in the corner of a robe, a goat cart, and a buffalo cart. If you chant the name of Quan Âm, fire will be extinguished when you encounter it; floods will recede when you face them; if you desire a son, you will have one; if you wish for a daughter, you will have one as well.
Fire symbolizes anger, which can lead one to the nine levels of hell. In such moments, your face may flush red, and your ears may take on a purplish hue. This intense anger can feel as if your liver and intestines are being torn apart. Flooding represents greed, which surges forth and pulls you into the abyss—a realm of insatiable desire. The image of the son embodies Wisdom, while the image of the daughter signifies Compassion.
Third, you must practice.
Learning Buddhism requires dedicated practice, which must be accompanied by cultivation. However, it is important not to rush. Haste can lead one astray, and the fires of confusion may ignite in the mind. Practice mindfulness in your breathing, eating, thinking, and actions. Learn from Bodhisattva Never Disparagingto always show respect to everyone, without discrimination. Take inspiration from Bodhisattva Medicine King to cultivate sincerity, allowing you to find joy in every encounter. Learn from Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara to cultivate empathy, embodying the spirit of one who can manifest a thousand eyes, a thousand hands, and a thousand forms to assist humanity. These qualities of respect, sincerity, and empathy contribute to a life that is peaceful, joyful, and fulfilling.
Every religion and belief system teaches the importance of doing good and avoiding evil. However, Buddhism emphasizes the principle that one must purify one's mind by oneself, which requires consistent practice in daily life. By yourself, you have to make your mind pure. When your mind is pure, anything you see and know will be different; the way that you think and act becomes different. The path of peace and joy opens up from there.
The moment anger rises like a blazing fire or when greed surges like a rushing tide, if you know how to practice mindful breathing—paying attention to your inhalation and exhalation—you can break free from these emotions.
With consistent practice, simply using your breath can be sufficient to overcome anger and greed.
You should practice belly breathing, which means breathing with your diaphragm. You've been used to breathing from your chest for a long time. Breathing only in the chest means that the breath is shallow and does not reach the "dantian point." Practicing diaphragmatic breathing (or abdominal breathing) helps you stabilize your mind more easily. Belly breathing is the initial stage. It takes a few months of practice to get used to it. Be patient and do not rush the process.
Then, practice focusing on your in-breath and out-breath. This involves following the natural rhythm of your breathing, and becoming aware of each inhalation and exhalation. As you engage in this practice for a while, you may find that you forget everything else in the world! This technique is known as “Mindful breathing” or Samatha meditation. “Samatha” means stopping, seeing the thoughts disappear in your mind. When you are fully present and recognize that your thoughts have dissipated, you experience a state of mindlessness and thoughtlessness. In this state, you are letting go of fatigue and stress.
Take a moment to reflect on your breathing. Why is it necessary to breathe? What is the purpose of respiration? Is it possible to stop breathing? Where does your breath originate? How does your breathing change when you are tired, stressed, or afraid, compared to when you are relaxed, comfortable, or happy? It becomes evident that your breath fluctuates in response to your mental state. You observe and recognize the concept of impermanence. You may wish to inhale deeply and exhale slowly, yet you find it difficult to do so. Why do you lack control over "your breath"? So, it does not belong to you; it is not a part of your identity. By understanding this, you begin to perceive the notion of non-self.
It may seem like everything is beyond your control! However, when you were in your mother's womb, you neither ate nor breathed, yet you were still alive and grew rapidly. Once you were born, you faced challenges: you had to breathe, eat, struggle, and compete. This is where suffering originates.
By simply contemplating your breath, you can observe the three marks of the Dharma: impermanence, suffering, and non-self. Why search any further?
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